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Em dashes typically separate words or phrases for emphasis or parenthetical breaks.

• —-

En dashes are typically used to indicate ranges.

• –-

Curly quotes, also called “smart quotes” or “typographer’s quotes”, are used to improve visual polish and readability by matching the natural direction of opening and closing quotation marks in professional typography.

• “”""
• ‘’''

Apostrophes are used to improve grammatical clarity and readability in contractions and possessives, ensuring text follows standard written conventions instead of relying on visually ambiguous straight quotes.

• ’'

Some math symbols typically used for readability and visual polish on professional texts are rarely used on more casual human-generated content.

• ÷/
• ≠!=
• ±+/-
• ⋜<=
• ⋝>=

Some invisible characters are used for formatting, and some AIs also use them as watermarks.

Bullet points are used to improve readability by clearly separating ideas or items into structured, easy-to-read lists.

• •-
• ●-
• ◦-
• ▪-
• ◼-
• –-
• —-

An ellipsis is used to convey omission, hesitation, or a trailing thought in a way that feels natural and readable, rather than abrupt or mechanically truncated.

• …...

Arrows are used to visually express direction, flow, or transformation more intuitively than words alone, especially in instructions or sequences.

• →=>
• ⇒=>
• ←<=
• ⇐<=

Normalizing spaces is used to improve consistency and layout by removing irregular spacing and ensuring predictable, clean text formatting.